Final Blog Report: Natural Hazards in the Channel Islands - Matthew Babcock

Introduction: As part of my final assessment for this amazing course, I would like to present this hazards report focusing on the main natural hazards that pose significant risks in the Channel Islands. The purpose of this report is to identify the most dangerous hazards, understand their causes, and propose recommendations for mitigation. Additionally, I will highlight the areas that require immediate attention in terms of providing assistance and suggest an ideal location for constructing a house that minimizes exposure to these hazards. Hope you enjoy!

Main Natural Hazards and Prioritization: After some very careful analysis, the two primary natural hazards that require immediate attention in the Channel Islands in my opinion are coastal erosion and flooding. These hazards pose a substantial threat due to their potential for widespread damage and long-term implications for the island communities. Coastal erosion is a significant concern as it leads to the loss of land, infrastructure, and habitats, while flooding can result in property damage, displacement, and potential loss of life. 

Causes and Importance: Coastal erosion occurs due to a combination of factors such as wave action, sea-level rise, and natural coastal processes, as well as more. The Channel Islands, being located in the path of prevailing winds and ocean currents, are particularly vulnerable to erosion. Addressing coastal erosion is crucial as it directly impacts the long-term sustainability of the islands, including their infrastructure, tourism, and coastal ecosystems. 

Flooding on the other hand, is primarily caused by heavy rainfall, storm surges, and the islands' low-lying topography. The Channel Islands' vulnerability to flooding is amplified by climate change, which has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. I think that prioritizing flood mitigation measures is essential to safeguard lives, minimize property damage, and maintain the islands' socio-economic stability. 

My top recommendations for Hazard Mitigation: To address coastal erosion, a comprehensive coastal management strategy is necessary. I think that this should involve implementing shoreline stabilization measures, such as constructing seawalls, revetments, and breakwaters. Additionally, promoting sustainable land use practices, managing sediment transport, and preserving coastal ecosystems can contribute to long-term erosion control. 

As for flood mitigation, a combination of structural and non-structural measures is required. Enhancing drainage systems, constructing flood defenses, and implementing effective flood warning systems can help minimize the impacts of flooding. Additionally, promoting land-use planning that avoids development in high-risk flood zones and incorporating climate resilience into infrastructure design are vital steps to reduce vulnerability. 

Given the many significant risks associated with coastal erosion and flooding, immediate attention should be directed towards the most vulnerable areas in my opinion. In the Channel Islands, the eastern and southern coastal regions are particularly susceptible to erosion due to their exposure to prevailing winds and ocean currents. Furthermore, low-lying areas and floodplains need focused assistance to address the risk of flooding. I think that allocating resources and implementing mitigation measures in these high-risk zones will yield the greatest benefits in terms of hazard reduction. 

To minimize exposure to hazards, it is generally advisable to construct houses away from vulnerable areas prone to coastal erosion and flooding from what I have found in my research. In the Channel Islands, considering a location on elevated land, preferably inland and away from the coast, would reduce the risks associated with these hazards. However, it is essential to comply with local planning regulations and consult with experts to ensure the chosen site is suitable and safe for construction. Thanks for reading!

References: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_the_British_Isles  

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175986 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-61795783 

https://mapcarta.com/Channel_Islands 

Blog Week 13 - Matthew Babcock

Coastal Erosion in the Channel Islands

The great nation of the Channel Islands, which of course consists of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Herm, are located in the English Channel right off the coast of France. As we have discussed before, these islands are a very popular tourist destination due to their incredible scenery and very rich cultural history. However, something many tourists may not know about these beautiful Islands, is that they are also at a fairly high risk for coastal erosion, which poses a pretty significant threat to the environment, infrastructure, and their local economy. 

To give some brief context, coastal erosion is the natural process of wearing away of land or coastal features due to the harsh action of waves, tides, the wind, and other factors. It is obviously a more common occurrence in coastal areas, but it can be actually be worsened by human activities such as construction, dredging, and the creation of sea defense structures. The Channel Islands, with their rugged coastline and thus exposure to strong ocean currents, are particularly vulnerable to this erosion. 

The Channel Islands' geology is another factor that contributes to their risk of coastal erosion. The islands are composed of a mix of sedimentary and volcanic rocks as we have previously discussed, which have different rates of erosion. The sedimentary rocks, which are softer and more prone to erosion, make up most of the islands' coastlines. In contrast, the volcanic rocks are harder and more resistant to erosion but occur in far fewer locations. This variation in rock types means that some areas are actually a lot more vulnerable to erosion than others. 

The effects of coastal erosion on the Channel Islands are numerous and pretty severe. One of the most significant impacts is the loss of land and property. Erosion can cause wild events such as cliffs to collapse and beaches to disappear, leading to the loss of valuable real estate and infrastructure such as roads, buildings, and seawalls. In some cases from the past, entire villages and towns have been abandoned due to erosion, such as the hamlet of Petit Bot in Guernsey. The loss of land can also have a pretty severe effect on the islands' economy. Tourism is a very significant source of income for the Channel Islands, but erosion can make beaches and other attractions way less attractive to visitors. The islands' fishing industry is also at risk because of this, as erosion can damage or destroy the infrastructure, such as harbors and quays, used by fishermen. 

Another impact of coastal erosion is the potential loss of biodiversity and habitats. The coastlines of the Channel Islands support a very rich and diverse range of flora and fauna, including rare and even endangered species. Erosion can destroy or alter these habitats, making it difficult for these species to survive. For example, the Jersey Tiger moth, which is a rare and protected species, is only found in a few locations on Jersey's coastline, and erosion could threaten its survival. 

There have actually been several high-profile instances of erosion affecting the Channel Islands in recent years. In 2012, a cliff collapse in Alderney caused a house to fall into the sea, and in 2016, part of a beach in Guernsey was lost due to erosion. I think that both of these incidents demonstrate the immediate and significant threat that erosion poses to the islands in the future. To begin to address the risk of coastal erosion, the Channel Islands have already implemented various measures, including beach nourishment, seawalls, and vegetation planting to help combat this destructive force and attempt to preserve the beauty of the Channel Islands that people travel from all around the world to see. 

Thanks for reading!

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_the_British_Isles  

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175986 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-61795783 

https://mapcarta.com/Channel_Islands 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30389409_Catastrophic_Wave_Erosion_Bristol_Channel_United_Kingdom_Impact_of_Tsunami 

Week 10 - Extreme Weather Events in the Channel Islands

Extreme Weather Events in the Channel Islands - Matthew Babcock

The Channel Islands, comprising of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Herm, are historically most vulnerable to extreme weather events such as heatwaves, flooding, and storms. As I have discussed before, the islands are located in the English Channel and experience a maritime climate with mild winters and cool summers. However, due to their location, they are exposed to the risks of extreme weather events that can result in significant damage and even the loss of life. One of the significant risks that the Channel Islands face is the risk of heatwaves. Heatwaves are technically defined as prolonged periods of high temperatures that can result in heat exhaustion, dehydration, and even death to humans. For example, in the summer of 2019, the Channel Islands experienced a heatwave that saw temperatures soar to over 30°C for several days. (Hot AF) The heatwave caused several heat-related illnesses, and the authorities issued warnings urging people to stay hydrated and avoid prolonged exposure to the sun. 

Flooding is another extreme weather event that poses significant risk to the Channel Islands. Due to their low-lying nature, the islands are particularly vulnerable to flooding during heavy rainfall events. An example of this is in 2012, where the islands experienced widespread flooding that caused significant damage to properties and infrastructure. The island of Jersey, in particular, was badly hit, with several roads and buildings being washed away. The flooding also disrupted transport services, causing severe disruption to the islands' economy. 

Storms are also a significant risk to the Channel Islands. The islands are exposed to the full force of Atlantic storms, which can cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. An example I found of this was in October 2014, where the islands experienced one of the worst storms on record, with winds reaching up to 80 mph. The storm caused widespread damage, with power outages, fallen trees, and flooding affecting the islands. 

Another extreme weather event that the Channel Islands are surprisingly vulnerable to is snowfall. Although rare, heavy snowfall can cause significant disruption to the islands, particularly in terms of transport services. In 2018, the islands experienced heavy snowfall that caused widespread disruption to transport services, with flights and ferries being cancelled or delayed. 

In conclusion, the British Channel Islands are exposed to various risks associated with extreme weather events such as heatwaves, flooding, storms, and snowfall. These events can cause significant damage to properties, infrastructure, and the islands' economy, as well as posing a threat to the health and safety of the islands' residents. Thanks for reading!

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_the_British_Isles 

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/understanding-climate/uk-and-global-extreme-events-heavy-rainfall-and-floods

https://community.netweather.tv/topic/98605-storm-mathis-channel-islands/ 

https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides%2Feurope%2Funited-kingdom%2Fchannel-islands%2Fhistory-and-culture

https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/catastrophic-extreme-weather-events-british-history/

Week 8 - Mass Wasting in the Channel Islands - Matthew Babcock

Let's start with the basics - what even is mass wasting? 

Mass wasting is a term used to describe the movement of rock, soil, and other debris downhill under the influence of gravity. The Channel Islands are located in the English Channel and are indeed subject to various types of mass wasting events due to their steep slopes, high rainfall, and geological features among other things. 

Below I have included some examples of mass wasting events that have occurred in the British Channel Islands over the years:

The "Mont Cuet" landslide: This is one of the most significant landslides to have occurred in the Channel Islands. The Mont Cuet landslide occurred in 2014 on the island of Guernsey and involved the movement of over 3 million cubic meters of soil and rock. The landslide caused significant damage to the surrounding areas, including roads, houses, and gardens. Fortunately, no one was injured or killed in the event. The cause of the landslide is thought to be a combination of heavy rainfall and just the overall geological makeup of the area. 

Another example is The St. Catherine's Landslide: This landslide occurred in 2018 on the island of Jersey and involved the movement of over 2,000 tons of soil and rock. The landslide blocked a main road and caused significant disruption to traffic in the area. The cause of the landslide is thought to be heavy rainfall once again, which caused the soil and rock to become unstable and move downhill. 

Additionally, we have the Bonne Nuit Bay rockfall: In 2012, a large rockfall occurred at Bonne Nuit Bay in Jersey. The rockfall involved the movement of several large boulders, some of which weighed over 100 tons. The rockfall caused significant damage to the surrounding area, including the destruction of a nearby pier. Fortunately, no one was injured or killed in this event either. The cause of the rockfall is thought to be the erosion of the cliff face due to weathering and wave action. 

Finally we have the La Hougue Bie landslide: This landslide occurred in 2010 on the island of Jersey and involved the movement of over 100 tons of soil and rock. The landslide caused significant damage to a nearby road and resulted in the closure of the area to traffic for several weeks. The cause of the landslide is thought to be heavy rainfall, which caused the soil and rock to become unstable and move downhill.

These are just a few of the examples of mass wasting events that have occurred in the British Channel Islands throughout history. The islands are often subject to a range of mass wasting phenomena, including landslides, mudslides, and rockfalls, which can occur due to a variety of factors such as weathering, erosion, and human activity. Given this risk, I think it is important for residents and visitors of the islands to be aware of the risks associated with mass wasting events like the ones I discussed above and to take appropriate precautions to stay safe. Thanks for reading!

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands 

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/volcanoes/prehistoric-and-historic-eruptions.htm 

https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/earth-hazards/volcanoes/

Volcanic Activity in the Channel Islands - Matthew Babcock

    Although the Channel Islands are not currently considered to be volcanically active, there has been past volcanic activity on some of the islands, with Guernsey being the most active of the 8. The eruption that formed the island of Guernsey, which is believed to have occurred around 60 million years ago, was likely a submarine eruption experts say, which means that it occurred on the ocean floor and resulted in the formation of a "volcanic island" as lava and ash built up over time. Today, the island's geology is dominated by igneous rocks, including basalt and rhyolite, which are types of volcanic rock. Guernsey is also the most "geologically diverse" of the Channel Islands, with a lot of rock formations that are evidence of past volcanic activity. One of the most notable examples is the "Basalt Island Formation" which is a series of lava flows that date back to the Cretaceous period, around 130 million years ago. These formations can be seen in various locations around Guernsey, such as Pleinmont Point and Rocquaine Bay.

    Another example of past volcanic activity on Guernsey worth mentioning is the "Hot Rocks Formation" - a set of "dolerite intrusions" that also date back to the Cretaceous period. These intrusions can be seen in various locations around the island, including around the Vale Castle and Vale Pond. In addition to these examples, there are other areas on Guernsey where volcanic activity is believed to have occurred, such as the dolerite formations at Petit Port and the granite outcrops at Icart Point.

    It is important to note, however, that there have been no volcanic eruptions in the Channel Islands for millions of years, and there is no current volcanic activity of any kind in the region. The volcanic activity on Guernsey and some of the other Channel Islands occurred long ago, and the islands are now really only subject to occasional minor earthquakes.

   In conclusion, while the past volcanic activity of the Channel Islands is ancient history, it has had a lasting impact on the islands' geology and landscape. The rocks that make up much of the islands' geology are resistant to erosion, which has contributed to the development of rugged coastlines and rocky cliffs. The volcanic activity has also contributed to the current mineral wealth of the islands, with basalt being used as a building material and a source of paving stones, and rhyolite being used for decorative purposes.

Sources:

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/articles/uk-volcanoes/

https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/earth-hazards/volcanoes/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175986

https://www.heritagedaily.com/2018/09/volcanic-map-of-the-united-kingdom/121724

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/volcanoes/prehistoric-and-historic-eruptions.htm 

Week 3 - Earthquakes and Seismicity in The Channel Islands

-The Channel Islands are part of a geological formation known as the "Normandy Massif", which is an area of ancient rocks that have been uplifted and folded over many years. While the region is not known for incredibly high levels of seismic activity, earthquakes do occur here on occasion, and there have been a few very notable earthquakes in the Channel Islands in recent history.

-One of the most significant earthquakes to strike the Channel Islands was in 1976, when a 5.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Island of Jersey. This earthquake caused significant damage to buildings and local infrastructure, including the collapse of several chimneys. Luckily however, there was nobody killed in the wreckage.

-More recently, there have been several smaller earthquakes recorded in the Channel Islands, including a 2.7 mag earthquake in 2018 and a 2.8 in 2019. These earthquakes were felt by residents but did not cause any significant damage or injuries.

-It is important to note that the Channel Islands are located in an area of relatively low seismic activity, and the risk of a major earthquake is considered to be pretty low. Nevertheless, residents are conscious of the possibility that one could strike, and have safety plans in place for the event an Earthquake like the one in 1976 could occur again.

-In conclusion, while earthquakes are not an immediate concern in the Channel Islands, they can and do occur from time to time. Thanks for reading!

Sources:

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-28266736

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_British_Isles

http://earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/

https://www.gov.je/weather/earthquakes/

Tectonic Plates & The Channel Islands

• The British Channel Islands are located right near the boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate. This boundary is classified as a transform boundary, which is a place where two of the Earth’s tectonic plates move past one another. As these plates move past one another, their interactions can create cracks or faults within the surrounding regions. Although the islands themselves are not directly on the boundary, they still possess a unique geology that has been shaped by many years of tectonic activity and erosion.
• The Islands are considered a micro fragment that have become detached from a larger continent. These fragments are created when two tectonic plates collide and part of the continent is pushed upward and becomes isolated.
• The boundary between the two plates is located just to the west of the Channel Islands, and it is responsible for the frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic activity that occur in the region. However, the islands themselves are not directly on the boundary and are rarely subject to any significant tectonic activity.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Channel-Islands-English-Channel

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap4-Plate-Tectonics-of-the-UK

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/plate-tectonics-transform-plate-boundaries.htm

https://sciencetrends.com/transform-boundary-definition-and-examples

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics

Hazards, Disasters, & Catastrophes - What's the Difference?

  

• A hazard is defined as a POTENTIAL source of harm/damage, like a natural disaster or even something man-made.
• A disaster is something that actually causes a SERIOUS disruption or interference with a community, and can result in extreme human/economic/environmental losses that the community simply cannot handle.
• A catastrophe is a severe and sudden event causing great damage or especially the loss of human life. 
• The three terms sort of represent the varying degrees of severity what classifying damaging events or potential damaging events, with a hazard being the least extreme, a disaster ranking just above that, and a catastrophe being the worst of the three.

A Brief Overview of the Channel Islands

The Channel Islands are a group of islands located in the English Channel, just off the coast of Normandy, France. They include Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Herm. A little fun fact about the islands is that they are technically classified as an "Autonomous British Crown Dependency" and are not part of the United Kingdom. They are independant in the fields of government, law, and financial systems, but the UK manages their defense & international relations. The islands are a very popular tourist destination due to their incredible natural beauty and are somewhere I'd love to visit myself someday!